Gasotransmitters are small gaseous signaling molecules that are endogenously produced in the body and play key roles in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here is a list of gasotransmitters along with their classifications and descriptions:
Classic Gasotransmitters
Description: NO is produced from the amino acid L-arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). It acts as a vasodilator, relaxing blood vessels and increasing blood flow. NO is also involved in neurotransmission, immune response, and modulation of cell death.
Classification: Endogenous signaling molecule involved in vascular regulation, neurotransmission, and immune response.
Description: CO is produced endogenously by the enzyme heme oxygenase (HO) during the degradation of heme. It acts as a vasodilator, anti-inflammatory agent, and modulator of neurotransmission. CO has roles in the regulation of apoptosis and cellular defense mechanisms.
Classification: Endogenous signaling molecule involved in anti-inflammatory responses, vasodilation, and neurotransmission.
Description: H2S is produced from the amino acids cysteine and homocysteine by the enzymes cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE). It acts as a vasodilator, neuromodulator, and cytoprotective agent. H2S has roles in regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism.
Classification: Endogenous signaling molecule involved in vasodilation, neuromodulation, and cytoprotection.
Potential Gasotransmitters
These are gaseous molecules that have shown some signaling properties but are not as well-established as the classic gasotransmitters.
Description: H2 has been studied for its antioxidant properties and potential protective effects against oxidative stress. It is proposed to modulate various biological processes, including inflammation and cellular signaling, but its role as a gasotransmitter is still under investigation.
Classification: Potential signaling molecule with antioxidant properties and involvement in modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation.
Description: CH4 is produced in the gut by methanogenic bacteria and has been suggested to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Its potential role as a signaling molecule is being explored, particularly in the context of gastrointestinal health.
Classification: Potential signaling molecule with proposed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, primarily produced in the gut.
Summary
These gasotransmitters play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including vascular regulation, neurotransmission, immune response, and cellular protection. Their understanding is essential for developing therapeutic strategies for numerous diseases.