A hormone that increases insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon release, GLP-1 also slows gastric emptying and reduces appetite. Synthetic analogs of GLP-1, such as liraglutide and semaglutide, are used clinically to manage type 2 diabetes and promote weight loss.
Common Name:
GLP-1
Compound Name:
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1
Chemical Formula:
The specific formula can vary based on the sequence; however, it’s typically represented as a small protein or peptide.
Molecular Weight:
Depends on the specific isoform or analog. Native GLP-1 consists of 30 or 31 amino acids.
Sequence and Amino Acid Composition:
- Sequence: HAEGTFTSDVSSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVKGR
- Amino Acid Profile:
- Histidine (H):
- Frequency: 1
- Properties: Basic, can bind and transport metal ions
- Role in the Peptide: Contributes to the structural stability and function
- Alanine (A), Glutamine (Q), Threonine (T), Serine (S), and others:
- Details on properties and roles: Each contributes to the peptide’s overall function in glucose metabolism and insulin secretion.
- Histidine (H):
Structure:
GLP-1 is a hormone that is part of the incretin family, which is produced in the gut and has a major role in glucose homeostasis. The peptide’s structure is crucial for binding to the GLP-1 receptor on pancreatic cells.
Synthesis Method:
Native GLP-1 is synthesized by the human body, but synthetic versions can be produced using recombinant DNA technology or peptide synthesis for therapeutic use.
Solubility:
Soluble in aqueous buffers at physiological pH.
Stability:
Native GLP-1 has a very short half-life due to rapid degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Synthetic analogs are often modified to increase stability and half-life for therapeutic use.
Function:
GLP-1 plays a critical role in glucose metabolism by enhancing insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, inhibiting glucagon release, delaying gastric emptying, and reducing appetite.
Benefits and Uses:
- Used as a treatment for type 2 diabetes through GLP-1 receptor agonists, which help control blood glucose levels.
- Investigated for potential benefits in weight management and treatment of obesity due to its effects on appetite and caloric intake.
- Studied for potential cardiovascular benefits.
Side Effects:
Common side effects of GLP-1 agonists include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. There is also a potential risk of pancreatitis.
Regulatory Status:
Several GLP-1 receptor agonists are approved by the FDA and other regulatory bodies worldwide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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